There is a lot of talk by sustainability and circular economy professionals regarding systems thinking. What does this mean or look like in practical terms? This presentation outlines a circular system from mining through to the development of a secondary raw materials industry for end-of-use-cycle metals and critical raw materials. at present, only a few mining companies show interest or involvement in the secondary markets for metals and critical raw materials. This is understandable, given the distinct nature of these two businesses and industry sectors. However, in the near future, there will be a compelling need for increased collaboration, which promises significant benefits for all involved. The presentation will be divided into the following three sections.