The demand for critical minerals has skyrocketed as the world shifts towards renewable energy sources and cleaner technologies. Critical minerals-lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements-are essential components in electric vehicles (EVs), battery storage, and renewable infrastructure. according to the International Energy agency (IEa), the demand for these minerals could multiply four to six times by 2040 if the world pursues its climate goals. This article explores the essential role of critical minerals, examines prominent companies across different regions, and evaluates the challenges of sustainable and ethical sourcing. Critical minerals serve as the backbone of many energy-efficient technologies required for the green transition. Lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements power battery storage, electric motors, and renewable infrastructure, making them indispensable to achieving net-zero targets. Three energy scenarios, each with three levels of uptake of renewable energy, are assessed for the potential of critical minerals to restrict growth under alternative mineral supply patterns. Under steady material intensities per unit of capacity, the study indicates that selenium, indium and tellurium could be barriers in the expansion of thin-film photovoltaics, while neodymium and dysprosium may delay the propagation of wind power. For fuel cells, no restrictions are observed. according to the IEa, if the world achieves its net-zero emissions goals by 2050, the demand for lithium alone is expected to increase over 40 times its current levels. This soaring demand highlights the urgency of developing sustainable, secure supplies of these minerals.