The mining industry is the source for the vast majority of the metal, mineral and energy resources we use on a daily basis. New deposits are discovered over time and are developed into mines before being rehabilitated - a sequence that when repeated can help contribute to the noble notion of sustainable development', despite the generic concept of mining being the unsustainable consumption of non-renewable resources. The scale of the modern mining industry is immense - from iron ore and coal to base and precious metals, modern mines are sometimes hundreds or thousands of times bigger than their long lost historic ancestors. We also live in a world with emerging and increasing demands for so-called technology metals (aka critical', e-tech' or specialty' metals) that are needed to feed the rapid growth in renewable energy (especially solar photovoltaic panels and wind turbines), consumer electronics, sophisticated military technologies and super alloys, amongst other uses. These elements include the rare earth elements, indium, germanium, tellurium, rhenium, selenium, gallium and many others, most of which had few or no known uses in the recent past. Although the mining industry has been successful in developing ever larger mines and increasing the scale of production, the key issues underlying the future of the industry are declining ore grades, increased tailings and waste rock generation, the presence of toxic or other impurities, balancing the economics of primary and secondary products, stricter environmental conditions, more difficult exploration, increasing community expectations, as well as the processing of more complex or refractory ores, let alone the recent volatility in world commodity markets. Here, we synthesise our recent research on many of these various issues, focusing on the need to link all areas within the mining chain from mineral resources through mining to environmental performance in order to ensure we obtain the most out of our modern mining effort. The paper presents a unique and detailed assessment of the sustainability challenges and opportunities facing modern mining - and geometallurgical thinking is at the heart of this conundrum._x000D_
CITATION: Mudd, G M, Jowitt, S M, 2016. From Mineral Resources to Sustainable Mining - the Key Trends to Unlock the Holy Grail?, in Proceedings The Third AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2016, pp 37-54 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).