The high maintenance of load-haul-dumps (LHDs) and front end loaders in hard rock affects mine planning with reduced availability and productivity. Intensive study of maintenance costs and availability of machines related to machine age and life provide the basis for planning from available operational alternatives._x000D_
Derived programmes and experiences have led to the beginnings of unmanned operation and automation through reduction of manual diesel units and spreading electrification and use of radio._x000D_
But electrification has obvious layout limitations. This approach to the present has resulted in better utilisation, costs and safety and the computerised monitoring and control provides continuous awareness of machine and work conditions with the promise of future improvements.