For nearly two decades water scientists have been debating the need to use appropriate models for the questions being asked and the data available. This paper puts forward a rationale for a hierarchical framework for water balance modelling as it applies to mine sites. The hierarchy is based on the complexity of models and their data requirements. Scientific models are the most complex and require the most data; next is engineering models, then systems models and the simplest representations are given by conceptual models. A position is put forward that systems models have a range of uses that the others do not provide. A systems model, called SiteMiser, is described and its calibration illustrated. The model is applied to seven coal mines from the Northern Bowen Basin in Central Queensland. Currently, there is little relationship between total water use and coal production. This relationship is not any stronger when fresh (raw) water is compared to reused water. Leading practice water use levels are simulated for all sites. The simulation results demonstrate that there is considerable opportunity to reduce water consumption and, in particular, to import less fresh (raw) water to the sites._x000D_
FORMAL CITATION:Cte, C, Moran, C J, Hedemann, C, Davis, H, Silvester, N, Koch, C and Tollari, C, 2006._x000D_
Systems modelling for water management in mining and minerals - Bowen Basin coal, in Proceedings Water in Mining 2006, pp 215-224 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).